EIR: Appendix E. Section 404B(1) Analysis APPENDIX E.
SECTION 404B(1)ANALYSIS
• THE EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS
OF THE DISCHARGE OF DREDGED OR FILL MATERIAL
INTO THE WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES
(Section 404 Evaluation)
FOR
RANCHO PALOS VERDES FEASIBILITY STUDY
RANCHO PALOS VERDES, LOS ANGELES COUNTY, CALIFORNIA
I. INTRODUCTION.
The following evaluation is provided in accordance with Section 404 (b)(1) of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (Public Law 92-500) as amended by the Clean Water Act
of 1977(Public Law 95-217). Its intent is to succinctly state and evaluate information regarding the
effects of discharge of dredged or fill material into the waters of the U. S. As such, it is not meant
to stand alone and relies heavily upon information provided in the environmental document to which
it is attached. Citations in brackets []refer to expanded discussion found in the Draft Environmental
Impact Statement (DEIS), to which the reader should refer for details.
II. PROJECT DESCRIPTION.
• a. Location [1.3]. The Study Area is located along the south central coastline of the
Palos Verdes Peninsula in the City of Rancho Palos Verdes, California, about 20 miles south of the
City of Los Angeles (Fig. 1.1 of the DEIS/EIR). The boundaries of the Study Area are defined by
the coastal zone below Palos Verdes Drive South in the limits of the City of Rancho Palos Verdes.
b. General Description [3.1, 3.2]. The DEIS/EIR contains a complete assessment of
the environmental impacts related to construction and operation and maintenance of a nearshore dike
(Alternative 1) and an offshore dike (Alternative 2)in the Portuguese Bend Area.
The proposed action involves the construction of a dike located 400 feet seaward from the existing
bluff toe and"surrounds"the Portuguese Bend slide area(Fig. 3.2a of the DEIS). The dike is located
at about the -16 MLLW contour line and the highest crest elevation is about+24 ft. MLLW.
(1) Construction. The dike has a core of quarry run material to +6 ft. MLLW to
retain sediment to the Mean Higher High Water (MI-111W) tide level, thereby preventing or
significantly reducing the landslide sedimentation potential downcoast. Depending on the location
along the structure, different layers of stone are prescribed as armor stone. The stone gradation and
quantity, armor stone crest widths and thickness of typical cross sections of the dike are described
in detail in the Coastal Engineering Appendix- Section 7 (see Volume II).
Rock for the construction of the dike would come from either a mainland quarry or a quarry on
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Catalina Island. Rock obtained from a mainland source would be trucked to the project site.
Rock obtained from Catalina Island would be delivered to the site by a barge. Ocean based rock
placement would be from the floating barge with a crane except from stations 0+00 to 5+00 (see Fig
3.1a of the DEIS). Land based construction is expected for this portion of the dike. Construction
would progress from the closest to shore seaward. Armor stone would be keyed into position such
that the long axis of the stone is perpendicular to the face and center line of the dike.
For the ocean-based operation, it is assumed that the-10 ft. depth is adequate for barge operations
without compromising the barge's loading capacity. No excavation is expected to be required except
for the area between stations 0+00 and 5+00.
Although the proposed action does not include the option to dredge some 52 nearshore acres, that
option is analyzed here because it may become the locally preferred plan and/or may be identified as
the proposed action prior to finalizing the EIR/EIS (Alternative as Alternative 2a- section 3.4 of the
DEIS/E1R). As stated in section 5.1 of the DEIS/EIR, the purpose of considering the option of
dredging sediment off some 52 nearshore acres of rock reefs in Portuguese Bend and Bunker Point
is to expedite the recovery of marine plants and animals on the reefs. (Identified as Areas 2 and 3 on
Fig. 5.1. of the DEIS/EIR; note that the Bunker Point-Whites Point area has an existing kelp canopy
that precludes the consideration of this dredging option. See Section 5.1.1 of the DEIS/EIR for more
details.) The volume of sediment is estimated at about 422,000 cu. yds. Under this option,
mechanically uncovering of hard rock would allow for a quicker re-colonization of marine plants and
animals to the rocky reef.
(2) Maintenance. It is estimated that approximately 7million cu. yds. of material
will need to be removed from behind the nearshore dike every 50 years as landslide material migrates
toward the dike. Part of the material behind the dike is expected to be submerged in the water
behind the dike and part nfthe material is expected to be thy material adjacent to the landslide bluff
Material will be moved/removed by dozers and truck mounted or crawler cranes. Material is
expected to be suitable for disposal at the LA-2 ocean disposal site.
c. Authority and Purpose [1.2, 2.1].
(1) Authority. The general investigation study at the City of Rancho Palos Verdes
California Study was authorized by Public Law 99-662, Section 712 of the Water Resources
Development Act of 1986, to study the feasibility of constructing shoreline erosion mitigation
measures in order to provide additional stabilization for the Portuguese Bend landslide area and
adjacent landslide areas, and reads as follows: the Secretary of the Army is " . . . authorized to study
the feasibility of constructing shoreline erosion mitigation measures along the Rancho Palos Verdes
coastline and in the City of Rolling Hills, California for the purpose of providing additional
stabilization for the Portuguese Bend landslide area and adjacent landslide areas."
Additional fish and wildlife enhancement studies were authorized in the Water Resources
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Development Act of 1990, Section 116 which reads " . . . investigative measures to conserve fish and
wildlife (as specific in Section 704 of the Water Resources Development Act of 1986), including
measures to demonstrate the effectiveness of intertidal marine habitat."
The reconnaissance study was initiated in October 1988, and completed in 1990 with a
recommendation to proceed to a feasibility study based on a plan to help stabilize the landslide. A
decision by the Assistant Secretary of the Army stated in a letter dated 28 Oct. 1991 that "Landslide
stabilization is outside the purview of the Army Civil Works program." The reconnaissance report
was revised to reflect that decision, and no further study was recommended.
In 1994 Congress provided funds in Act language for the initiation of a feasibility study at Rancho
Palos Verdes, California. The project purpose was restoration of the marine habitat.
(2) Purpose and Need[2.1, 2.2]. The problems in the study area can be divided
into three major areas: 1)the landslide movement seaward, 2)the local shoreline erosion from waves
and tides, and 3) the nearshore, offshore, and downcoast sediment deposition and turbidity which
impact the local marine ecosystem
The purpose of the Corps' feasibility study is to determine the Federal interest in measures to restore
the marine environment of Portuguese Bend Cove and adjacent areas. Due to the landslide
movement at Portuguese Bend,which has moved material 200-400 feet into Portuguese Bend Cove,
the previous marine habitat has been covered over with landslide debris and sediment eroded from
11111 the shoreline by waves and tide, and nearshore and offshore areas have been impacted by siltation and
turbidity. The study focus is on controlling the sedimentation and turbidity in the nearshore and
offshore zones that result from erosion at the shoreline, which impacts the marine biological
community of the area.
Prior to the 1950's, rocky reef areas and many intertidal pools were present along the shore and in
the nearshore area from Abalone Cove, around Portuguese Point and Inspiration Point, and through
Portuguese Bend to Bunker Point. These are now silted and smothered to a lesser or greater degree
by landslide-generated sediment. Portuguese Bend supported a rich and diverse marine flora and
fauna typical of Southern California intertidal and subtidal communities. Unaffected rocky reefs
adjacent to Portuguese Bend (e.g.,Palos Verdes Point) support an extremely productive kelp forest;
they serve as a graphic reminder of the diverse biological community that is lost to the extensive
sedimentation and turbidity caused by the eroding landslide bluff. (See citations provided in section
2.1 of the DEIS).
As the vast majority of shallow marine substrates in southern California are unconsolidated sand or
mud(as much as 95 percent by an MBC 1988 estimate), soft bottom habitat is not a unique habitat-
type in the study area. Natural hard rocky reef, however, is an extremely rare, productive, and
valuable habitat-type. Natural hard rock habitat is so rare and valuable that California Department
of Fish and Game's (CDF&G) Marine Resources Divisions has a program to create and improve
srtificial reef habitat to augment the scarce natural reefs. As natural rocky reef habitat is so rare and
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supports a large, diverse assemblage of marine plants and animals, any effort to restore damaged or
degraded natural reef habitat would be extremely beneficial to the marine biological community and •.
is of great interest to resource agencies such as CDF&G and National Marine Fisheries Service
(NMFS).
d. General Description of Dredged or Fill Material [3.1, 3.2].
(1) Dike construction. The material to be used for to construct the nearshore dike
will be fresh quarry rock. The stone size, stone quantity, and gradation of material for the proposed
dike are provided in Tables 15 and 16 of the Coastal Engineering Appendix (see Volume II). The
source of the material is expected to be from either a land based or a water-based quarry which is
fully compatible with the material on the existing dike.
(2) Habitat restoration dredging. As previously mentioned (section II.b(1),
above), approximately 422,000 cubic yards of material are proposed to be dredged off some 52
nearshore acres in the Portuguese Bend area. Dredging would be accomplished by clamshell dredge,
hopper dredge, or a hydraulic pipeline. It is expected to take some 50 days to complete dredging
operations.
The material to be dredged will consist of sand, silt, and clay sized material. A detailed discussion
of the grain size distribution of the material in the study area appears in Sadd and Davis 1997:11-15
(provided as Appendix B in the DEIS) and in the Coastal Engineering Appendix (section 5.3.2.6 of
Volume II). Briefly, there is a fairly wide range of silt and clay fraction content in the study area.
Sediments with the lowest silt and clay fractions occur along the coast and in the shallow and
intermediate depths of Portuguese Bend near the southeast part of the area. There is a general trend
of increasing silt and clay in the offshore direction from east to west, with sediment in the central part
of the Bend characterized by a high percentage of silt and clay(50% for most samples) (see Figures
7 and R of Sand and Davis 1997).
(3) Maintenance dredging. It is estimated that approximately 7 million cubic
yards of material will need to be removed from behind the nearshore dike every 50 years as landslide
material migrates toward the dike. Part of the material behind the dike is expected to be submerged
in the water behind the dike, and part of the material is expected to be dry material adjacent to the
landslide bluff. Material will be moved/removed by dozers and truck mounted or crawler cranes.
The material behind the dike will be similar to material currently covering the nearshore(i.e., the same
material discussed in II.d.(2), above). It is expected to consist of sand, silt, and clay sized material,
as well as miscellaneous debris (vegetative matter, trash, etc . . . ). Sediment is expected to be
suitable for disposal at the LA-2 ocean disposal site.
e. Description of the Proposed Discharge Site.
(1) Portuguese Bend dike construction site [4.2.1, 4.3.2]. As mentioned in
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• section lib, the proposed dike would be a structure located 400 feet seaward from the existing bluff
toe and "surrounds" the Portuguese Bend slide area(Fig. 3.2a of the DEIS/EIR).
The quality of the marine sediment is discussed in section 4.2.2 in the DEIS/EIR and in section
ll.d.(2), above. In general, sediment consists of sand, silt, and clay sized material. Briefly, there
is a fairly wide range of silt and clay fraction content in the study area. Sediments with the lowest
silt and clay fractions occur along the coast and in the shallow and intermediate depths of Portuguese
Bend near the southeast part of the area. There is a general trend of increasing silt and clay in the
offshore direction from east to west, with sediment in the central part of the Bend characterized by
a high percentage of silt and clay (50% for most samples) (see Figures 7 and 8 of Sadd and Davis
1997).
The biological resources of the Portuguese Bend area are discussed in detail in Section 4.3.2 of the
DEIS/EIR. Briefly, the Portuguese Bend area supports a depapurate soft-bottom marine biological
community (see Pondella et al 1996:61). Intertidal marine vegetation is primarily green algae mats
and corallin green algae; subtidal algae are nonexistent. Marine invertebrate animals are typical of
sandy intertidal and soft-bottom, sub-tidal southern California. A basalt outcrop at Inspiration Point
supports rocky intertidal habitat for marine plants and animals typical of southern California intertidal
areas. Approximately a 200 ft. long area would be impacted by the proposed offshore dike. Offshore
marine fish are typical of soft-bottom habitats;the nearshore marine fish population is considered less
abundant than adjacent, non-effected areas.
• (2) LA-2 disposal site. The proposed discharge site is the EPA designated site
for ocean disposal of dredged material,LA-2. The site is located off Point Fermin in 100m(330 ft.)
depth. The LA-2 ocean dumping site is described in detail in the EIS prepared for its designation
(EPA 1988). Briefly, the benthic habitats in the area are the mainland shelf, continental slope, and
the basin. Shelf habitats generally have a higher species abundance than the other two types. At
depths of 60-800 feet the shelf was dominated by polychaetes and mollusks with echinoderms,
crustaceans, and nemerteans also present. In deeper waters, polychaets were dominant with lesser
numbers of mollusks, crustaceans and echinoderms.
Flatfish and rockfish dominate the demersal fish population at the LA-2 site. Pelagic fish such as
northern anchovy,jack mackerel, and yellowtail are known to pass through the waters of the LA-2
area. Several marine mammals (e.g., sea lions, seals, dolphins, and whales) also move through the
area.
A detailed discussion and comparison of the sediment quality(both physical and chemical) and the
benthic infaunal populations of the LA-2 site with a nearby reference site are provided in Anderson
et al (1993:732).
f. Description of Dredging and Disposal Method. Dredging and disposal operations
are expected to be performed by one or more of the following dredge types: cutterhead hydraulic
pipeline dredge, or mechanical (clamshell) dredge.
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III. FACTUAL DETERMINATIONS.
a. Physical Substrate Determinations:
(1) Substrate Elevation and Slope
(a) Dike. The proposed dike would be located at about the -16 MLLW
contour line.
(b) LA-2 Ocean Disposal Site, As indicated in Section II.e., the LA-2 site
is located in about 330 foot depth.
(2) Sediment Nye. As stated in section II.d.(2) and (3), sediments in the central
part of Portuguese Bend consist mostly of silts and clays. Coarser sediment is located in the shallow
and intermediate depths near the southeastern part of the Bend.
(3) Dredged/Fill Material Movement. The rock for the dike will consist of very
large, heavy rock that will be on the ocean bottom_ After placement and with the suggested
maintenance dredging some 50 years after initial construction, the proposed dike is not expected to
move.
Material deposited at the LA-2 site is not expected to move from the area.
•
(4) Physical Effects on Benthos(burial, changes in sediment type, composition):
Impact: N/A X Insignificant Significant
Documentation: [5.1.1, 5.3.2.1, 5.3.2.2]. Net beneficial impact to marine UG11L is
plants and animals as a poor quality soft-bottom habitat is converted into high quality
hard-bottom habitat.
(5) Action Taken to Minimize Impacts:
Needed?: Yes X No
b. Water Circulation,Fluctuation, and Salinity Determinations:
(1) Water [5.2.4]. The proposed project will adversely affect the quality of the
water behind the proposed dike. An exchange of about 25% of the water trapped behind the
proposed dike is expected to occur, however, through the interstitial spaces above the dike's
impervious core. As such some flushing is expected and significant impacts to water quality are not
expected.
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II Dredging and disposal of material is expected to have temporary, short-term adverse effects to water
clarity. The quality of water outside of the dike (especially downcoast of Portuguese Bend) is
expected to be significantly improved as the dike eliminates the near-constant turbidity plume
downcoast of Portuguese Bend.
(2) Current Patterns and Circulation [4.2.2, 5.2.2]. Surface currents in the
project area predominately parallel to shore and downcoast. Offshore, the subsurface flow is upcoast
in a northwesterly direction. The proposed project is not expected to affect any current patterns or
circulation.
(3) Normal Water Level Fluctuations. Tidal flows behind the dike are expected
to be significantly altered. The dike is not expected to affect water levels in any other parts of the
project area.
c. Suspended Particulate/Turbidity Determinations.
(1) Expected Changes in Suspended Particulates and Turbidity Levels in Vicinity
of Disposal Site. Dredging and disposal impacts would include temporary increases in turbidity and
suspended solids, along with associated decreases in dissolved oxygen. These water column
conditions may contribute to a decrease in light penetration. Most such impacts would be confined
to the immediate vicinity of dredging and disposal activities, with turbidity levels dissipating rapidly
through resettlement. The high percentage of silts would cause some sediments to remain suspended
4110 in the water column for a period of time. Average surface water column concentrations in the vicinity
of a dredge are generally less than 100 mg/1 (LaSalle, 1991). Oceanic currents at the LA-2 disposal
site would aid in dilution and dispersal of the turbidity plume.
An estimated "worse-case" turbidity plume diameter of about 1000 ft, at 100% depth, can be
expected for a clamshell dredge. The visible surface plume usually dissipates within an hour or two
after the operation ceases, depending upon the type of material being dredged (LaSalle, 1991).
Turbidity plumes at the dredge site are not normally associated with cutterhead dredges.
(2) Effects on Chemical and Physical Properties of the Water Column. The
effects of dredging-related turbidity may include a reduction in light penetration and a reduction in
dissolved oxygen(the latter due to the discharge of reduced sediments). A significant net beneficial
impact to water quality is expected from eliminating the landslide-generated turbidity plume.
(3) Effects of Turbidity on Biota [5.3.2]. Planktonic organisms in the water
column may suffer some short-term, localized stress from the turbidity created during dredging and
disposal. Some planktonic organisms would also be stressed or killed by entrainment in the water
used to hydraulically move the sediment. There may be a general decline in aquatic primary
productivity due to temporary loss of phytoplankton populations. However, planktonic species are
adapted to large losses from naturally high mortality. Because of the localized and short-term
disturbance of bottom sediment associated with dredging and because of the transitory nature and
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high reproduction rates of marine plankton, impacts of dredging and disposal on phytoplankton and
zooplankton are expected to be insignificant. �.
The net beneficial impact to marine biological organisms from the elimination of landslide-generated
turbidity and the re-exposure of hard rock reef habitat is expected to significantly outweigh the short-
term, temporary construction-related impacts.
d. Contaminant Determination [4.6, 5.5.1,5.6]. The offshore effluent-affected mound
is not expected to be affected by the proposed dike. The bio-availability of contaminants in nearshore
sediment is expected to be the same with or without the proposed dike. As such, the proposed dikes
are not expected to affect existing sediment contamination or alter its bio-availability.
All sediment proposed to be dredged(i.e.,both nearshore sediment proposed for dredging to expedite
recovery of hard rock areas and sediment behind the dike which would be dredged under maintenance
activities)will be evaluated under the"Evaluation of Dredged Material Proposed for Ocean Disposal:
Testing Manual" (i.e.,the Green Book)(EPA/USACOE 1991)to determine if material is suitable for
disposal at LA-2. The disposal of the dredged material,if determined suitable, will have no significant
effect on marine biota at the LA-2 site.
e. Aquatic Ecosystem and Organism Determinations. [5.3.2, 5.3.3] Adverse effects
of the proposed project on local ben is organisms may include the elimination of organisms
inhabiting the dredge material to be excavated, and direct burial of all organisms inhabiting the benthic
habitat at the receiving site, as well as decreased feeding efficiency due to the increase in turbidity in
nearby areas not physically dredged or buried.
Federally-listed threatened or endangered species that may occur in the project area are discussed in
section 4.3.3 of the DEIS. Only the California least tern and the Brown pelican have any reasonable
likelihood of being affected by the proposed action. The proposed artinn is ex erten to have
significant beneficial impacts to both species by eliminating the landslide-generated turbidity plume.
Brown pelicans are expected to benefit from the roost site created by the breakwater crest (see
section 5.3.3 of the DEIS).
It is assumed that all existing marine life within the containment dike would eventually become
smothered by the increasing sediment load contained within the dike, and all marine life within is
expected to be completely lost. Outside of the dike, it is expected that, if no new Portuguese Bend
landslide-generated sedimentation would occur in the marine environment and natural marine erosive
process(i.e.,waves and currents)would eventually remove existing sediment to, at least, the -30 foot
MLLW depth contour and re-expose the underlaying hard bottom in the nearshore area. Also the
adverse affects of the near-constant turbidity plume of existing downcoast kelp beds would be
eliminated. Significant benefits to the habitat quality of these existing kelp beds are expected.
f Proposed Disposal Site Determinations. Prior to disposing material at the LA-2
site, dredged material will be tested, as per the Green Book, to determine if material is suitable for
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• ocean disposal. Additional physical, chemical and biological analyses may be undertaken to make the
determination.
A description of the physical and biological characteristics of the LA-2 site appears in section II.e,
above.
g. Determination of Cumulative Effects of Disposal or Fill on the Aquatic
Ecosystem. No significant adverse cumulative impacts to the aquatic ecosystem are expected to
occur. A net significant beneficial impact to the marine biological community of the Portuguese Bend
area and downcoast is expected as a result of the elimination of the landslide-generated turbidity
plume and the re-exposure of hardrock reef which is expected to become re-colonized by marine
plants and animals.
VI. FINDING OF COMPLIANCE.
a. Adaptation of the Section 404 (b)(1) Guidelines to this Evaluation. No significant
adaptations of the guidelines were made relative to this evaluation.
b. Evaluation of Availability of Practicable Alternatives to the Discharge Site
Which Would Have Less Adverse Impact on the Aquatic Ecosystem. [3.5] Several alternatives
were considered but determined infeasible. They included structures along the shoreline (e.g.,
revetment,flexible berm, gabions), offshore structures(e.g., containment dikes and breakwaters), and
partial or complete removal of landslide material (see section 3.5 of the DEIS and Main Report,
Section V.3).
Structural stability of a shoreline structure could not be assured due to the uncertainty associated with
the actual location of the landslide toe. The Corps geotechnical engineers conclude that a structure
within 400 feet of shore would be subject to displacement by the landslide (Geotechnical Report,
Appendix B of the Main Report). As such, any shoreline structure would require frequent repair and
replacement and was, therefore, not considered a feasible alternative to meet the restoration
objectives.
Breakwaters,while possibly reducing some sedimentation, would not contain any turbidity and only
a fraction of the sedimentation associated with eroded material. Since they would not meet the
environmental objective, they were eliminated.
Landslide material removal was rejected because of the high risk and uncertainty associated with
material removal.
The containment dikes were the only concepts that fell within the objectives and constrains of the
feasibility study (i.e., contain sediment and turbidity but not alter the existing landslide).
Note that since the objective of the feasibility study is to restore natural rocky reef marine habitat;
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efforts to create rocky reef habitat (e.g., using quarry rock rubble mounds, decommissioned oil and
gas platforms, old car bodies, etc.)were not considered. Furthermore, created rocky habitat would •
still be subject to the negative impacts of the near-constant, excessive turbidity in the study area.
Assuming that the dredge material is determined suitable for disposal at LA-2, there are no alternative
disposal sites available for this project which 1) are more consistent with the project authorization,
or 2)will have a less environmentally damaging result.
c. Compliance with Applicable State Water Quality Standards. The project will
comply with State water quality standards promulgated by the California Regional Water Quality
Control Board, Los Angeles Region.
d. Compliance with Applicable Toxic Effluent Standard or Prohibition Under
Section 307 of the Clean Water Act. No toxic materials are known or likely to occur in the project
area.
e. Compliance with the Endangered Species Act of 1973. [5.3.3; 8.0]
The District received a list of threatened and endangered species that potentially could occur in the
study area on 19 June 1998 (see Appendix J). The list was updated in a letter from the USFWS
dated May 23, 2000.
A Biological Assessment was prepared to comply with the regulations on interagency cooperation
regarding compliance with the Endangered Species Act(as per 50 CFR 402) (see Appendix J of the
DEIS/EIR) The Biological Assessment concludes that the proposed project may have a beneficial
affect on the California brown pelican and the California least tern. No effects are expected to any
other threatened or endangered species known or expected to occur in the project area. The Corps
is pursuing written concurrence of the USFWS of the assessment as provided tnr�er informal
consultation (50 CFR 402.13).
f. Compliance with Specified Protection Measures for Marine Sanctuaries
Designated by the Marine Protection,Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972. No sanctuaries
as designated by the Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act of 1972 will not be affected
by this project.
g. Evaluation of Extent of Degradation of the Waters of the United States. No
significant degradation of municipal or private water supplies, special aquatic sites, or plankton
resources are expected to occur. The project may have a short-term effect upon fish and
invertebrates due to project-related turbidity and the burial of organisms.
h. Appropriate and Practicable Steps Taken to Minimize Potential Adverse
Impacts of the Discharge on the Aquatic Ecosystem. Specific environmental commitments may
be identified for dredging and disposal operations. These could include monitoring turbidity and other
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water quality parameters during all dredging and disposal operations, if required by the California
Regional Water Quality Control Board.
I. On the Basis of the Guidelines, the Disposal Site for the Discharge of Dredged
or Fill Material is: in compliance with Section 404(b)(1) guidelines, with the inclusion of
appropriate conditions to minimize pollution or adverse effects on the aquatic ecosystem.
IX. LITERATURE CITED
Anderson, J.W., D.J. Reish, R.B. Spies, M.E. Brady, and E.W. Segelhorst. 1993.
Human Impacts. Chapter 12.In. Dailey,M.D.,D.J.Reish. and J.W. Anderson. (eds.)Ecology
of the Southern California Bight: a synthesis and interpretation. Univ. of Calif. Press, L.A.
pages 266-303.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1988. Final Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for
the Los Angeles/Long Beach (LA 2) ocean dredged material disposal site designation. U.S.
EPA, Region 9, San Francisco, CA 339pp.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)/ U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACOE). 1991.
Evaluation of dredged material proposed for ocean disposal: Testing Manual. February 1991.
LaSalle,M. W., J. Homziak, J.D. Lunz, and T.J. Fredette. 1991. A Framework for Assessing the
411 Need for Seasonal Restrictions on Dredging and Disposal Operations. Dredging Operations
Technical Support Program. Technical Report D-91-1. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
Washington, D.C.
Pondella, D., II, P.Morris, and J. Stephens, Jr. 1996. Marine biological surveys of the coastal
zone off the City of Rancho Palos Verdes. Prepared for the USACE, L.A. District. July
1996. 85pp. (Provide as Appendix A of the DEIS.)
Sadd, J. and N. Davis. 1997. Final Report of the Sediment Surveys, Portuguese Bend Area,
Rancho Palos Verdes, CA. (Provided as Appendix B of the DEIS.)
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